Dna Replication And Its Effect On The Development Of...

Introduction: DNA replication is one of the fundamental processes involved with the central dogma and is instrumental in the development of mutations, alternations and others changes that allow the process of evolution to operate and proceed leading to the biodiversity. In the process proposed by Watson and Crick (1953), the double helix unwinds to expose the bases in each strand of the DNA , where each of the two separate strands act as the template or molecular mould for the synthesis of a new molecule of DNA . As it is well known that the process of replication allows for the complementary base formation among the template strand and the newly synthesized DNA strand .this mechanism of complementary base pairing has resulted in the semi conservative mode of replication of the DNA molecule (Pray,2008).’ Stages of replication: The molecular mechanism of the process of replication is directed towards the fidelity of the DNA molecule. Along with numerous interacting enzymes and other molecules working in split second accuracy and timing to synthesize, proof read, repair and eventually produce a newly synthesized strand of DNA with error s at the rate of one per 100 million nucleotides (Alberts et al., 2002). The fundamental process of replication can be considered in three phases-- initiation, elongation and termination. Fundamental requirements for DNA replication For the smooth and successful integration of the different molecule r events leading to the proper mechanismShow MoreRelatedBiology of Cancer Study Guide1184 Words   |  5 Pagessuppressor gene mutations in the development of cancer. 1. Turning on oncogens (go signals, step on gas, gas petal is stuck, stuck accelerator) 2. Losing tumor suppressor (cutting the brakes) 3. Becoming immortal/immortalization (endless tank of gas) 4. Loss of apoptosis- loss of cell destruction, cells don’t die 5. angiogenesis- growth of new blood cells 6. invasion/metastasis- spread of cancer to distant sites What is telomerase and how does it relate to the development of cancer/cellRead MoreEssay On Cancer-Fighting Viruses1432 Words   |  6 Pagesin â€Å"Nature† on September 1st, 2011 by Evantia Galanis, a trial using a genetically engineered oncolytic poxvirus, the JX-594, a smallpox vaccine derivate of Wyeth-strain vaccinia virus, is being discussed. The objective was viral infection and replication in different kinds of tumors including leiomyosarcoma, mesothelioma, and lung, ovarian and colorectal cancers, unlike the T-VEC, which is used only for treating melanoma in some patients. In this trial, the researchers tracked the virus given toRead MoreTypes Of Therapies For Cancer Treatment Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesfor cancers that involve mutations in the genes: BRCA1 and BRCA2. These two genes are involved in repair of double stranded break (DSB). When either gene is mutated, the change can lead to errors in DNA repair that can cause cancer. According to the American C ancer Society, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are enzymes that have been recently recognized as critical regulators of cell survival and cell death. Drugs that inhibit PARP-1 help fight cancers caused by mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. MECHANISMRead MoreSymptoms Of Werner s Syndrome1681 Words   |  7 Pagespatients, how the disease is acquired through genetics, how protein is correlated through biochemistry, and the current research being conducted to further understand and treat this disease. Symptoms of the mutation Werner’s syndrome is a disease that causes aging of the body that results in the development of conditions that are found in older populations by the age of 20. A WS patient will carry the disease throughout his/her life, but the symptoms typically do not appear until in their early 20s. MostRead MoreFall 2016 : Biol 105 Exam 4 Essay Questions Essay966 Words   |  4 Pagesrecessive disorder because they don’t have a second X chromosome to compensate. However, women can still express these traits and also be carriers if they are homozygous for the allele. A Barr body forms from the inactive X that occurs during embryonic development. Thus, if she is heterozygous for a trait, then she will express both alleles and is considered mosaic for that trait. 2. What is a linked gene? How do you know if a gene is linked? Are non-parental phenotypes ever expressed? Explain why orRead MoreThe Role Dna Serves For The Human Cell1267 Words   |  6 Pages The Role DNA Serves For The Human Cell Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) accommodates a variety of purposes, including data storage and replication, in the human cell and in the cells of many other organisms. DNA in a human cell is primarily responsible for storing genetic information that is utilized to control virtually every aspect of cellular expression. This genetic information is passed down from parents to progeny, resulting in progeny with some genetic traits of each parent. DNA is withal replicatedRead MoreIs Genetics A Field Of Science?1525 Words   |  7 Pagesgenetics, and Quantitative genetics. An organism’s genes, are the basis units of heredity which control the traits of an individual. There are two basic kinds of organisms: prokaryotes, whose DNA is circular and cells lack a nucleus, therefore, the DNA is in the cytoplasm and eukaryotes, that have a linear DNA that is inside the nucleus. In most multicellular eukaryotes, cells are divided into somatic cells (body cells) and sex cells. Somatic cells are produced by a cell division process called mitosisRead MoreWhat Is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy?1345 Words   |  6 PagesHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are designed to suppress viral replication and maintain viral load at low to undetectable levels (Prabu-Jeyabalan et al, 2002). Due to their high intrinsic antiviral activity, the introduction of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) have led to a dramatic decrease in morbidity and mortality rates of HIV-1 infected patients (Codoner et al, 2017). HIV-1 PIs are competitive peptidomimetic inhibitors, mimicking the natural substrate of viral HIV-1 protease, GagRead MoreBiology : Evolution, Energy, Information, And Systems1436 Words   |  6 Pagesand function, highlighted in chapter 16. Cell specialization is an overarching concept that connects to the idea that the coordination of specific events is necessary for the normal development of an organism. In an embryo, cytoplasmic determinants, material substances in an egg that influence the course of development, receive signals from the environment and neighboring cells. The uneven distribution of these molecules creates gradients that determine the orientation, such as the anterior and posteriorRead MoreDrug Resistance And Its Effect On The Clinical Benefit Of Art Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pagesonly it is possible to detect but also to characterize virus that continues to be produced in low levels in such patients. The samples with LLV were amplified to determine whether LLV present in patients on effective ART regimen resulted from the development of drug resistance. Out of the 31 samples that were amplified using the optimized protocol, seven had no product by the time library preparation was set up. The likelihood of the loss of PCR products during clean up exists. There is a high possibility

Two Articles Free Essays

Assignment 2: LASA 1—Analytical Summaries For this assignment, you will compose two short critical essays explaining and evaluating arguments by other authors. This assignment allows you to analyze an issue from a variety of perspectives and assess arguments for or against the issue. By focusing your attention on how the original authors use evidence and reasoning to construct and support their positions, you can recognize the value of critical thinking in public discourse. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Articles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Read the two articles â€Å"Predictive Probes†, and â€Å"New Test Tells Whom a Crippling Disease Will Hit—and When† from the textbook and write two separate analytical summaries. These articles can be found in the chapter titled: Deciding to accept an argument: Compare the evidence. This assignment has two parts. Part 1—First Article Write an analytical summary of the article focusing on the article’s main claims. Include the following: †¢Identify the three ways the author uses evidence to support assertions. †¢Identify the places where evidence is employed as well as how the author uses this evidence. Discuss evidence â€Å"as the reason† vs. â€Å"the support for the reason. † Also discuss evidence as dependent on the issue/context. †¢Analyze how the author signals this usage through elements such as word choices, transitions, or logical connections. Part 2—Second Article Write an analytical summary of the article focusing on the article’s main claims. Include the following: †¢Identify the author’s use of the three elements: experiment, correlation, and speculation to support assertions. †¢Analyze how the author signals the use of these elements through language. For example, word choices, transitions, or logical connections. Write a 4–5-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M3_A2. doc. 1. What kind of evidence would you expect in the following arguments? †¢a. An argument that people who eat a special diet will have less chance of getting cancer. †¢b. An argument that God exists. †¢c. An argument that human cells secrete some substance under certain conditions. †¢d. An argument that stealing is unethical. †¢e. An argument that owning a pet tends to lower one’s blood pressure. Answers (a) evidence after the fact; (b) philosophical evidence (a general principle, for instance that the universe is orderly); (c) direct scientific experimentation; (d) philosophical evidence; (e) evidence after the fact 2. Underline the language in the following argument that you believe indicates that it does (or does not) admit its limits. It’s an obvious fact that living in the suburbs is better than city life. Everyone knows that cities are far more polluted and dangerous. And of course, people don’t even know their neighbors. On the other hand, suburbs are peaceful havens from the workaday world. READINGS The following two articles show breathtaking advances in the ability to detect whether a person will suffer from a particular genetic disease. The first article contains references to all three types of evidence discussed in this chapter. Compare the language used to depict direct experimentation, after-the-fact evidence, and values questions. Predictive probes by Jerry E. Bishop Several years ago, Nancy Wexler’s mother died of Huntington’s disease, a hereditary and always-fatal affliction that strikes in midlife. Since then, Ms. Wexler, the 38-year-old president of the Hereditary Diseases Foundation in Santa Monica, Calif. , has lived with the uncertainty of whether she, too, inherited the deadly gene. That uncertainty may soon be resolved. A few months ago, scientists announced they were on the verge of completing a new test to detect the gene for Huntington’s disease (formerly called Huntington’s chorea). But deciding whether to submit herself to the test is an anguishing choice for Ms. Wexler. â€Å"If I came out lucky, taking the test would be terrific, of course,† she says. But if I came out unlucky, well †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her dilemma is an extreme example of the kind thousands of Americans will face in the not-too-distant future as scientists learn how to pinpoint genes that cause or predispose a person to a future illness. The test to detect the Huntington’s disease gene should be ready within one to two years. Researchers already have detected some of the gene s that can lead to premature heart attacks and, in the near future, hope to spot those that could predispose a person to breast or colon cancer. Eventually, scientists believe they will be able to detect genes leading to diabetes, depression, schizophrenia and the premature senility called Alzheimer’s disease. New Test Tells Whom a Crippling Disease Will Hit—and When Amy Jo Snider, a college senior, has put her career plans and romantic life on hold until she settles a gnawing question about her genetic legacy. During her Christmas break, the Charleston, SC, student plans to be tested for a gene that causes ataxia, a disease without a cure that destroys the brain cells governing muscle control. The disorder crippled and ultimately killed her father in middle age. Because of a recent breakthrough in genetic research, the 21-year-old Miss Snider will be able to find out whether she inherited the disease, and, if so, how soon and how hard ataxia may strike her. â€Å"I want to be tested before I start to show symptoms,† she says unflinchingly. â€Å"I’m graduating in May, and I have to start planning my life. † As agonizing as the knowledge might be, she says the uncertainty is worse. â€Å"If I’m in limbo, it’s not fair to people around me,† she says. â€Å"I can’t deal with not knowing. † How to cite Two Articles, Essay examples

Mayan Civilization Essay Example For Students

Mayan Civilization Essay Mayan CivilizationINTRODUCTIONThe Mayan Civilization was an AncientNative American civilization that grew to be one of the most advanced civilizationsin the Americas. The people known as the Maya lived in the regionthat is now eastern and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,and western Honduras. The Maya built massive stone pyramids, temples,and sculpture and accomplished complex achievements in mathematics andastronomy, which were recorded in hieroglyphs. After 900 the Maya mysteriously disappearedfrom the southern lowlands of Guatemala. They later reappeared in the northon the Yucatan Peninsula and continued to dominate the area untilthe Spanish conquest. Descendants of the Maya still form a large part ofthe population of the region. Although many have acquired Spanish ways,a significant number of modern Maya maintain ancient ethnic customs. PRE-CLASSIC PERIODThe Pre-classic period is the span oftime in which the foundation of the more modern Mayan civilization wasformed. The people went through huge developments in society andbuilt up strength. Early Mayans were farmers and helped thecommunity in keeping up the fields. They first used sticks to punchholes in the ground, but later, assumed more advanced farming techniques. Their main crops included maize (corn), beans, squash, avocados, chilipeppers, pineapples, papayas, and cacao, which was made into a chocolatedrink with water and hot chilies. Hunting and fishing were also asource of food for the early Mayans. They often hunted rabbits, deer,and turkeys, which were made into stews. When they were not hunting,fishing, or working in the fields, Mayan men and women took part in craftinguseful items, such as stone tools, clay figurines, jade carvings, ropes,baskets, and mats. Women specialized in making clothing, such asponchos, loincloths, and skirts. Like other ancient farming peoples, theearly Maya worshipped agricultural gods, such as the rain god and, later,the corn god. Eventually they developed the belief that gods controlledevents in each day, month, and year, and that they had to make offeringsto win the gods favor. Maya astronomers observed the movements of thesun, moon, and planets, made astronomical calculations, and devised almanacs. The astronomers observations were used to divine auspicious moments formany different kinds of activity, from farming to warfare. Rulers and nobles directed the commonersin building major settlements. Pyramid-shaped mounds of rubble topped withaltars or thatched temples sat in the center of these settlements, andpriests performed sacrifices to the gods on them. As the Pre-classic periodprogressed, the Maya increasingly used stone in building. Both nobles andcommoners lived in extended family compounds. During the Pre-classic period the basicpatterns of ancient Maya life were established. However, the period wasnot simply a rehearsal for the Classic period but a time of spectacularachievements. CLASSIC PERIODClassic Maya civilization became morecomplex as the population increased and centers in the highlands and thelowlands engaged in both cooperation and competition with each other. Tradeand warfare were very important to cultural growth and development. Societiesbecame more complex, with distinct social classes developing. Under the direction of their kings, whoalso performed as priests, the centers of the lowland Maya became denselypopulated jungle cities with vast stone and masonry temple and palace complexes. During the Classic period, warfare was conducted on a fairly limited, primarilyceremonial scale. Maya rulers, who were often depicted on carved stonemonuments, carrying weapons, attempted to capture and sacrifice one anotherfor ritual and political purposes. The rulers often destroyed parts ofsome cities, but the destruction was directed mostly at temples in theceremonial precincts; it had little or no impact on the economy or populationof a city as a whole. Some city-states did occasionally conquer others,but this was not a common occurrence until very late in the Classic periodwhen lowland civilization had begun to disintegrate. Until that time, themost common pattern of Maya warfare seems to have consisted of raids employingrapid attacks and retreats by relatively small numbers of warriors, mostof who were probably nobles. .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .postImageUrl , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:hover , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:visited , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:active { border:0!important; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:active , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corporate Wellness Programs EssayLowland Maya centers were true cities withlarge resident populations of commoners who sustained the ruling elitesthrough payments of tribute in goods and labor. They built temples, palaces,courtyards, water reservoirs, and causeways. Sculptors carved stelae, whichrecorded information about the rulers, their family and political histories,and often included exaggeratedstatements about their conquestsof other city-states. RELIGIONMayan religion consisted of a wide rangeof diverse and varied supernatural beings or deities. They consideredHunab Ku to be the chief god and creator of the world, followed by othervaried gods, including Itzamna, the lord of the heavens; Yum Kaax, thegod of maize; and the four Chacs, the cardinal rain gods. They also worshippedIx Chel, the rainbow goddess associated with mothers; and Ixtab, the goddessof suicide. The Maya performed many rituals and ceremoniesto communicate with their deities. At pre-arranged events, such as theMaya New Year in July, or in emergencies?such as famine, epidemics, ora great drought?the people gathered in ritual plazas to honor the gods. People would dress in elaborate costumes and dance, take hallucinogenicdrugs, take ritual steam baths, and play ritual games. Sacrifices in theform of killing or burning would be made to the gods, such as corn, blood,piercing, children, slaves, or prisoners of war. SCIENCE AND WRITINGAlthough the Mayans were blessed withbeing mechanically skilled, most of their major achievements were in thedepartment of abstract mathematics and astronomy. One of their greatestintellectual achievements was a pair of interlocking calendars, which wasused for such purposes as the scheduling of ceremonies. Maya astronomers could make difficult calculations,such as finding the day of the week of a particular calendar date manythousands of years in the past or in the future. They also used the conceptof zero, an extremely advanced mathematical concept. Although they hadneither decimals nor fractions, they made accurate astronomical measurementsby dropping or adding days to their calendar. The Maya developed a complex system ofhieroglyphic writing to record not only astronomical observations and calendricalcalculations, but also historical and genealogical information. Scribescarved hieroglyphs on stone stelae, altars, wooden lintels, and roof beams,or painted them on ceramic vessels and in books made of bark paper. COLLAPSE OF A CIVILIZATIONFrom about AD 790 to 889, Classic Mayacivilization in the lowlands collapsed. Construction of temples and palacesceased, and monuments were no longer erected. The Maya abandoned the greatlowland cities, and population levels declined drastically, especiallyin the southern and central lowlands. Scholars debate the causes of thecollapse, but they are in general agreement that it was a gradual processof disintegration rather than a sudden dramatic event. A number of factors were almost certainlyinvolved, and the precise causes were different for each city-state ineach region of the lowlands. Among the factors that have been suggestedare natural disasters, disease, soil exhaustion and other agriculturalproblems, peasant revolts, internal warfare, and foreign invasions. Whateverfactors led to the collapse, their net result was a weakening of lowlandMaya social, economic, and political systems to the point where they couldno longer support large populations. Another result was the loss of inestimableamounts of knowledge relating to Maya religion and ritual.