Dna Replication And Its Effect On The Development Of...

Introduction: DNA replication is one of the fundamental processes involved with the central dogma and is instrumental in the development of mutations, alternations and others changes that allow the process of evolution to operate and proceed leading to the biodiversity. In the process proposed by Watson and Crick (1953), the double helix unwinds to expose the bases in each strand of the DNA , where each of the two separate strands act as the template or molecular mould for the synthesis of a new molecule of DNA . As it is well known that the process of replication allows for the complementary base formation among the template strand and the newly synthesized DNA strand .this mechanism of complementary base pairing has resulted in the semi conservative mode of replication of the DNA molecule (Pray,2008).’ Stages of replication: The molecular mechanism of the process of replication is directed towards the fidelity of the DNA molecule. Along with numerous interacting enzymes and other molecules working in split second accuracy and timing to synthesize, proof read, repair and eventually produce a newly synthesized strand of DNA with error s at the rate of one per 100 million nucleotides (Alberts et al., 2002). The fundamental process of replication can be considered in three phases-- initiation, elongation and termination. Fundamental requirements for DNA replication For the smooth and successful integration of the different molecule r events leading to the proper mechanismShow MoreRelatedBiology of Cancer Study Guide1184 Words   |  5 Pagessuppressor gene mutations in the development of cancer. 1. Turning on oncogens (go signals, step on gas, gas petal is stuck, stuck accelerator) 2. Losing tumor suppressor (cutting the brakes) 3. Becoming immortal/immortalization (endless tank of gas) 4. Loss of apoptosis- loss of cell destruction, cells don’t die 5. angiogenesis- growth of new blood cells 6. invasion/metastasis- spread of cancer to distant sites What is telomerase and how does it relate to the development of cancer/cellRead MoreEssay On Cancer-Fighting Viruses1432 Words   |  6 Pagesin â€Å"Nature† on September 1st, 2011 by Evantia Galanis, a trial using a genetically engineered oncolytic poxvirus, the JX-594, a smallpox vaccine derivate of Wyeth-strain vaccinia virus, is being discussed. The objective was viral infection and replication in different kinds of tumors including leiomyosarcoma, mesothelioma, and lung, ovarian and colorectal cancers, unlike the T-VEC, which is used only for treating melanoma in some patients. In this trial, the researchers tracked the virus given toRead MoreTypes Of Therapies For Cancer Treatment Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesfor cancers that involve mutations in the genes: BRCA1 and BRCA2. 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Somatic cells are produced by a cell division process called mitosisRead MoreWhat Is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy?1345 Words   |  6 PagesHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are designed to suppress viral replication and maintain viral load at low to undetectable levels (Prabu-Jeyabalan et al, 2002). Due to their high intrinsic antiviral activity, the introduction of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) have led to a dramatic decrease in morbidity and mortality rates of HIV-1 infected patients (Codoner et al, 2017). HIV-1 PIs are competitive peptidomimetic inhibitors, mimicking the natural substrate of viral HIV-1 protease, GagRead MoreBiology : Evolution, Energy, Information, And Systems1436 Words   |  6 Pagesand function, highlighted in chapter 16. Cell specialization is an overarching concept that connects to the idea that the coordination of specific events is necessary for the normal development of an organism. 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Two Articles Free Essays

Assignment 2: LASA 1—Analytical Summaries For this assignment, you will compose two short critical essays explaining and evaluating arguments by other authors. This assignment allows you to analyze an issue from a variety of perspectives and assess arguments for or against the issue. By focusing your attention on how the original authors use evidence and reasoning to construct and support their positions, you can recognize the value of critical thinking in public discourse. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Articles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Read the two articles â€Å"Predictive Probes†, and â€Å"New Test Tells Whom a Crippling Disease Will Hit—and When† from the textbook and write two separate analytical summaries. These articles can be found in the chapter titled: Deciding to accept an argument: Compare the evidence. This assignment has two parts. Part 1—First Article Write an analytical summary of the article focusing on the article’s main claims. Include the following: †¢Identify the three ways the author uses evidence to support assertions. †¢Identify the places where evidence is employed as well as how the author uses this evidence. Discuss evidence â€Å"as the reason† vs. â€Å"the support for the reason. † Also discuss evidence as dependent on the issue/context. †¢Analyze how the author signals this usage through elements such as word choices, transitions, or logical connections. Part 2—Second Article Write an analytical summary of the article focusing on the article’s main claims. Include the following: †¢Identify the author’s use of the three elements: experiment, correlation, and speculation to support assertions. †¢Analyze how the author signals the use of these elements through language. For example, word choices, transitions, or logical connections. Write a 4–5-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M3_A2. doc. 1. What kind of evidence would you expect in the following arguments? †¢a. An argument that people who eat a special diet will have less chance of getting cancer. †¢b. An argument that God exists. †¢c. An argument that human cells secrete some substance under certain conditions. †¢d. An argument that stealing is unethical. †¢e. An argument that owning a pet tends to lower one’s blood pressure. Answers (a) evidence after the fact; (b) philosophical evidence (a general principle, for instance that the universe is orderly); (c) direct scientific experimentation; (d) philosophical evidence; (e) evidence after the fact 2. Underline the language in the following argument that you believe indicates that it does (or does not) admit its limits. It’s an obvious fact that living in the suburbs is better than city life. Everyone knows that cities are far more polluted and dangerous. And of course, people don’t even know their neighbors. On the other hand, suburbs are peaceful havens from the workaday world. READINGS The following two articles show breathtaking advances in the ability to detect whether a person will suffer from a particular genetic disease. The first article contains references to all three types of evidence discussed in this chapter. Compare the language used to depict direct experimentation, after-the-fact evidence, and values questions. Predictive probes by Jerry E. Bishop Several years ago, Nancy Wexler’s mother died of Huntington’s disease, a hereditary and always-fatal affliction that strikes in midlife. Since then, Ms. Wexler, the 38-year-old president of the Hereditary Diseases Foundation in Santa Monica, Calif. , has lived with the uncertainty of whether she, too, inherited the deadly gene. That uncertainty may soon be resolved. A few months ago, scientists announced they were on the verge of completing a new test to detect the gene for Huntington’s disease (formerly called Huntington’s chorea). But deciding whether to submit herself to the test is an anguishing choice for Ms. Wexler. â€Å"If I came out lucky, taking the test would be terrific, of course,† she says. But if I came out unlucky, well †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her dilemma is an extreme example of the kind thousands of Americans will face in the not-too-distant future as scientists learn how to pinpoint genes that cause or predispose a person to a future illness. The test to detect the Huntington’s disease gene should be ready within one to two years. Researchers already have detected some of the gene s that can lead to premature heart attacks and, in the near future, hope to spot those that could predispose a person to breast or colon cancer. Eventually, scientists believe they will be able to detect genes leading to diabetes, depression, schizophrenia and the premature senility called Alzheimer’s disease. New Test Tells Whom a Crippling Disease Will Hit—and When Amy Jo Snider, a college senior, has put her career plans and romantic life on hold until she settles a gnawing question about her genetic legacy. During her Christmas break, the Charleston, SC, student plans to be tested for a gene that causes ataxia, a disease without a cure that destroys the brain cells governing muscle control. The disorder crippled and ultimately killed her father in middle age. Because of a recent breakthrough in genetic research, the 21-year-old Miss Snider will be able to find out whether she inherited the disease, and, if so, how soon and how hard ataxia may strike her. â€Å"I want to be tested before I start to show symptoms,† she says unflinchingly. â€Å"I’m graduating in May, and I have to start planning my life. † As agonizing as the knowledge might be, she says the uncertainty is worse. â€Å"If I’m in limbo, it’s not fair to people around me,† she says. â€Å"I can’t deal with not knowing. † How to cite Two Articles, Essay examples

Mayan Civilization Essay Example For Students

Mayan Civilization Essay Mayan CivilizationINTRODUCTIONThe Mayan Civilization was an AncientNative American civilization that grew to be one of the most advanced civilizationsin the Americas. The people known as the Maya lived in the regionthat is now eastern and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,and western Honduras. The Maya built massive stone pyramids, temples,and sculpture and accomplished complex achievements in mathematics andastronomy, which were recorded in hieroglyphs. After 900 the Maya mysteriously disappearedfrom the southern lowlands of Guatemala. They later reappeared in the northon the Yucatan Peninsula and continued to dominate the area untilthe Spanish conquest. Descendants of the Maya still form a large part ofthe population of the region. Although many have acquired Spanish ways,a significant number of modern Maya maintain ancient ethnic customs. PRE-CLASSIC PERIODThe Pre-classic period is the span oftime in which the foundation of the more modern Mayan civilization wasformed. The people went through huge developments in society andbuilt up strength. Early Mayans were farmers and helped thecommunity in keeping up the fields. They first used sticks to punchholes in the ground, but later, assumed more advanced farming techniques. Their main crops included maize (corn), beans, squash, avocados, chilipeppers, pineapples, papayas, and cacao, which was made into a chocolatedrink with water and hot chilies. Hunting and fishing were also asource of food for the early Mayans. They often hunted rabbits, deer,and turkeys, which were made into stews. When they were not hunting,fishing, or working in the fields, Mayan men and women took part in craftinguseful items, such as stone tools, clay figurines, jade carvings, ropes,baskets, and mats. Women specialized in making clothing, such asponchos, loincloths, and skirts. Like other ancient farming peoples, theearly Maya worshipped agricultural gods, such as the rain god and, later,the corn god. Eventually they developed the belief that gods controlledevents in each day, month, and year, and that they had to make offeringsto win the gods favor. Maya astronomers observed the movements of thesun, moon, and planets, made astronomical calculations, and devised almanacs. The astronomers observations were used to divine auspicious moments formany different kinds of activity, from farming to warfare. Rulers and nobles directed the commonersin building major settlements. Pyramid-shaped mounds of rubble topped withaltars or thatched temples sat in the center of these settlements, andpriests performed sacrifices to the gods on them. As the Pre-classic periodprogressed, the Maya increasingly used stone in building. Both nobles andcommoners lived in extended family compounds. During the Pre-classic period the basicpatterns of ancient Maya life were established. However, the period wasnot simply a rehearsal for the Classic period but a time of spectacularachievements. CLASSIC PERIODClassic Maya civilization became morecomplex as the population increased and centers in the highlands and thelowlands engaged in both cooperation and competition with each other. Tradeand warfare were very important to cultural growth and development. Societiesbecame more complex, with distinct social classes developing. Under the direction of their kings, whoalso performed as priests, the centers of the lowland Maya became denselypopulated jungle cities with vast stone and masonry temple and palace complexes. During the Classic period, warfare was conducted on a fairly limited, primarilyceremonial scale. Maya rulers, who were often depicted on carved stonemonuments, carrying weapons, attempted to capture and sacrifice one anotherfor ritual and political purposes. The rulers often destroyed parts ofsome cities, but the destruction was directed mostly at temples in theceremonial precincts; it had little or no impact on the economy or populationof a city as a whole. Some city-states did occasionally conquer others,but this was not a common occurrence until very late in the Classic periodwhen lowland civilization had begun to disintegrate. Until that time, themost common pattern of Maya warfare seems to have consisted of raids employingrapid attacks and retreats by relatively small numbers of warriors, mostof who were probably nobles. .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .postImageUrl , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:hover , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:visited , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:active { border:0!important; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:active , .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue759391ec73c14ba833c972a807c651a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corporate Wellness Programs EssayLowland Maya centers were true cities withlarge resident populations of commoners who sustained the ruling elitesthrough payments of tribute in goods and labor. They built temples, palaces,courtyards, water reservoirs, and causeways. Sculptors carved stelae, whichrecorded information about the rulers, their family and political histories,and often included exaggeratedstatements about their conquestsof other city-states. RELIGIONMayan religion consisted of a wide rangeof diverse and varied supernatural beings or deities. They consideredHunab Ku to be the chief god and creator of the world, followed by othervaried gods, including Itzamna, the lord of the heavens; Yum Kaax, thegod of maize; and the four Chacs, the cardinal rain gods. They also worshippedIx Chel, the rainbow goddess associated with mothers; and Ixtab, the goddessof suicide. The Maya performed many rituals and ceremoniesto communicate with their deities. At pre-arranged events, such as theMaya New Year in July, or in emergencies?such as famine, epidemics, ora great drought?the people gathered in ritual plazas to honor the gods. People would dress in elaborate costumes and dance, take hallucinogenicdrugs, take ritual steam baths, and play ritual games. Sacrifices in theform of killing or burning would be made to the gods, such as corn, blood,piercing, children, slaves, or prisoners of war. SCIENCE AND WRITINGAlthough the Mayans were blessed withbeing mechanically skilled, most of their major achievements were in thedepartment of abstract mathematics and astronomy. One of their greatestintellectual achievements was a pair of interlocking calendars, which wasused for such purposes as the scheduling of ceremonies. Maya astronomers could make difficult calculations,such as finding the day of the week of a particular calendar date manythousands of years in the past or in the future. They also used the conceptof zero, an extremely advanced mathematical concept. Although they hadneither decimals nor fractions, they made accurate astronomical measurementsby dropping or adding days to their calendar. The Maya developed a complex system ofhieroglyphic writing to record not only astronomical observations and calendricalcalculations, but also historical and genealogical information. Scribescarved hieroglyphs on stone stelae, altars, wooden lintels, and roof beams,or painted them on ceramic vessels and in books made of bark paper. COLLAPSE OF A CIVILIZATIONFrom about AD 790 to 889, Classic Mayacivilization in the lowlands collapsed. Construction of temples and palacesceased, and monuments were no longer erected. The Maya abandoned the greatlowland cities, and population levels declined drastically, especiallyin the southern and central lowlands. Scholars debate the causes of thecollapse, but they are in general agreement that it was a gradual processof disintegration rather than a sudden dramatic event. A number of factors were almost certainlyinvolved, and the precise causes were different for each city-state ineach region of the lowlands. Among the factors that have been suggestedare natural disasters, disease, soil exhaustion and other agriculturalproblems, peasant revolts, internal warfare, and foreign invasions. Whateverfactors led to the collapse, their net result was a weakening of lowlandMaya social, economic, and political systems to the point where they couldno longer support large populations. Another result was the loss of inestimableamounts of knowledge relating to Maya religion and ritual.

Young black people in the United States

Introduction By the middle of the 1960s, young black people in the United States were growing weary of civil rights leaders telling them to turn the other cheek so that they could overcome someday. The inspiring eloquence of Martin Luther King, Jr. had been challenged, even ridiculed by the fiery message of Malcolm X (Jones 267).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Young black people in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For black youth, who increasingly found themselves trapped in overcrowded Northern urban ghettos, many of the old movement slogans and ideas, particularly non violence as a philosophy, were becoming obsolete. In spite of the gains of the Southern black freedom movement, civil rights organizations and leaders, especially king, were slowly but surely becoming aware of growing dissatisfaction among blacks with the limitations of hard won legislation, especially its failure to en sure economic gains and tackle seemingly intractable forms of Southern and Northern racism. As a result, the call for Black Power became the order of the day. Beginning in 1964 and continuing each summer through 1968, disillusionment, frustration, and economic disenfranchisement fueled urban rebellions in Black communities across the country. It was within this context that the Black Panther Party for Self Defense (BPP) was formed and staked its claim for leadership of the black masses. In the year 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale officially founded the party in Oakland, California, one of many U.S. cities noted for its racists and repressive police force. The main targets of their initial organizing efforts were disaffected urban black male youth, and their activities centered on addressing police brutality through armed self defense. Although the actual size of their constituency and membership is a subject of debate, the party had a significant impact on the consciousness and political developments of the late 1960s and early 1970s both nationally and international (Jones 267). The issues raised by the Black Panther Party were salient for the black communities at the turn of twenty first century. Economic conditions for the majority of the black people had already declined and as a result, most blacks were in a very pathetic state. The decline was in a large measure as was as a consequence of structural adjustments in advanced capitalism in response to global competition and the shift from industrial to service based economies, all of which undermined the security and safety of workers globally. The social consequences of these changes, including more sophisticated and insidious forms of racism and sexism, demand not only new responses, but also a closer investigation of and learning from past practices of collective organized resistance (Joseph 119).Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apparently, the current feelings of dissatisfaction with traditional black middle class leadership, especially among the young African Americans, are reminiscent of the sentiments that led to the revolutionary youth movement of the late 1960s in which Panthers played a critical role. Yet, in spite of renewed popular interest, the political ideology and inner workings of the BPP still remain hidden from those most likely to take up the mantle of resistance in this era. The first two years of Black Panther Party’s development were fictionalized, romanticized, and popularized in the recent larger than life Hollywood film titled Panther, complete with a supporting cast that looks like a black entertainment television top forty count down. Allegedly, then content of many contemporary popular sources influence our collective memory of the Panthers, including movies, hip hop, magazines and music, and mainstream newspapers, may in fact ser ve to reproduce rather than rectify mistakes and miscalculations of the past. The goal of this essay is to provide a perspective on an often ignored aspect of history and legacy of the BPP, namely, its gender politics. The gender ideology of the BPP, both as formerly stated and as exemplified by organizational practice, was as critical to its daily functioning as was the party’s analysis of race and class dynamics in black communities. Rather than the party’s gender politics bring secondary to the larger struggle against racism and capitalism, one may instead that the politics of gender were played out in most aspects of party activity and affected its ability to function as an effective political organization. Black Panther and Gender Politics In my view, gender is not to be understood as a discrete category unto itself, but one of several interacting factors such as race, class, color, age, and sexual orientation that together make up individual identities as well as the social terrain upon which our realities are experienced. As noted by Jones (269), the category of gender was not as fully politicized and theorized during the late 1960s as it is today. One must, therefore, resist the temptation to impose current standards to measure the feminist, nationalist, revolutionary credentials of the BPP. Each of these social theories must be understood as being historically specifically. Clearly, what may constitute feminism or radicalism in one time period may not necessarily be recognized as such in another (Joseph 219).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Young black people in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ideas about gender and gender roles were far from static within the BPP. As the party spread numerically and geographically, class and gender diversity within its ranks increased. New members brought new and old ideas with them. Despite the initi al self conscious creation by the leadership of a masculine pubic identity for the Panther, some women and men in the party challenged the characterization of the struggle as one solely for the redemption of black manhood and worked within its constraints to serve the interests of the entire community. Somehow, the stories of the BPP can not be reduced to a monolithic party line on the woman question or a linear progression from an overtly and overwhelmingly sexist organization to a pro black feminist or womanist one. Instead, one must pay attention to internal conflict as well as agreement, overt as well as covert manifestations of this dialogue, change over time, diversity of individual experiences, and internal as well as external influences. While it can justifiably be argued that the BPP at various points in its history was a male centered, male dominated organization, this point should not negate the important ideological and practical contributions of its female members or of the men who resisted chauvinistic and sexist tendencies. Indeed, the diversity, both in terms of geography and personnel, of an organization whose existence spanned from Oakland to Algiers and from 1966 to 1982, can not be understood and appreciated through simplistic explanations or superficial head counts of official leadership roles. Undoubtedly, black women were critical players in the BPP, and the party overall had a significant impact on the political life of an entire generation. Competing Gender Ideologies The designation, conscious or otherwise, of specific gender based roles for women and men within the Black Panther Party began with the party’s inception. Obviously, this process did not happen in a vacuum. In addition to having their own ideas about the roles that men and women should play in the society and within the party, the founders and members were also influenced by competing ideologies and vice versa. These competing ideologies could be either supportive of or opposed to the status quo of American society. Three such ideologies that bear mentioning because of their enormous impact on the period are cultural nationalism, feminism, and the black matriarchy or tangle of pathology thesis. These three ideological discourses illustrate historian Francis White’s contention that counter discourse struggles against both dominant and competing oppositional discourses.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, the oppositional rhetoric of the BPP challenged and was challenged by other alternative as well as mainstream perspectives. There were, of course, many other important hegemonic and counterhegemonic theoretical constructs vying for prominence. These three are highlighted because of their impact on the consequences of the period in general and on the BPP specifically (Gore et al. 34) One of the most popular proponents of black cultural nationalism, at least on the West Coast in the late 1960s, was the Los Angeles based US organization headed by Maulana Karenga. The US organization stressed the necessity for cultural awareness among blacks to be gained primarily through the revival of African traditions, whether real or invented, of dress, language, religion, and familial arrangements as well as the rejection of White supremacy. The relationship between Karenga, the US organization, and the BPP changed over time just as the panthers’ own ideological positions ch anged (Ogbar 84). In the early years of the party, Karenga participated in meetings are rallies in support of the BPP. However, over time as their respective ideologies were clarified and contradictions exposed, the BPP became scathingly critical of the US organization. Mainly, the party’s critique was based on the fact that Karenga’s group promoted cultural nationalism and black capitalism. Drawing on the theories of Frantz Fanon, the panthers repeatedly asserted that cultural pride was a necessary phase in the political development of black people. It, however, did not guarantee black liberation, nor did black skin necessarily identify on as an automatic ally. The open conflict between the two organizations came to a head in the year 1969 when two prominent panthers were killed by US members in a shoot out at a black student union meeting. This incident sparked numerous articles and political cartoons in The Black Panther that criticized cultural nationalism in gener al and Karenga in particular. There were even charges leveled that Karenga himself was on the payroll of the FBI and various other police and government agencies. One major component of the US rhetoric called for women’s submission to traditional male authority, and promoted the notion of complementary gender roles (Ogbar 113). Conclusion Based on the arguments presented in this paper, it is obvious that women had a big part to play in the advancement of the Black Panther movement. This is a stand that was, however, refuted by Karenga who regarded men highly and considered women as subordinates. According to Karenga’s teachings, what makes a woman appealing is femininity and she can not be feminine without being submissive. A man has to be a leader and he has to be a man who bases his leadership on knowledge, wisdom, and understanding. There is no virtue in independence. The only virtue is interdependence. The role of the woman is to inspire her man, educate their chil dren and participate in social development. In general, male supremacy is said to be based on three things. These are tradition, acceptance, and reason. Equality is, therefore, regarded as false and the devil’s concept. Works Cited Gore, Dayo, Theoharis, Jeanne, Woodard Komozi. Want to Start a Revolution?: Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle, NYU Press, 2009. Print. Jones, Charles. Black Panther Party Reconsidered: Reflections and Scholarship, Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1998. Print. Joseph, Peniel. The Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights-Black Power Era, New York, NY: CRC Press, 2006. Print. Ogbar, Jeffrey. Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity, Baltimore, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press, 2005. Print. This research paper on Young black people in the United States was written and submitted by user Crosby Fitzpatrick to help you with your own studies. 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Bread and Roses essays

Bread and Roses essays In the film Bread and Roses, we see a real humanistic story of an immigrant in the United States. For me, It represents the life of most of the immigrants who are working and living in this powerful country right now .There are many themes in this film that I can write about, but the main ones are the exploitation and the low wages of the immigrants in their jobs, the decisions they have to make about something important, the right to freedom of speech, and the respect to peoples job. For me each character represents these themes in the film. In this essay I want to explain my point of view about these themes in this great film . This film give us an idea of the types of jobs in a big city like Los Angeles, also you see the exploitation and the low wages that immigrants receive. A good example is Maya and the other janitors. Do you think that the janitors receive the same benefits and wages of a person who works in a office?. Well I dont think so. That is why Maya wanted to fight, because she wanted benefits and a reasonable paid for her and all the janitors. I like her when she said that the immigrants are very important in this country, because is true. This country has a good economy thanks for us. If we think of the immigrants that work in the fields, factories, cleaning houses and other jobs, we are benefitting this country in a great way, but I cant accept the treatment and exploitation from some persons that treat the immigrant workers like animals; and even if its a person who is our own race like the manager of the janitors in the film. When I watched that part of the movie when he was firing a wo man who had been work there seventeen years, I was very upset. If I was her, I would answer him with harsh words , and I wouldnt care to loose the job. Also in this film we see the decisions that had to make the janitors to unite with the union of janitors. Well I think t ...

Short Love Quotes from Movies

Short Love Quotes from Movies Look into your lovers eyes. Whisper one of these famous movie love quotes. Cupid has to strike! These famous movie love quotes are a favorite with many couples. If you are looking for the most seductive love quote, you will find it here. Love quotes of this intensity are hard to find. Casablanca Kiss me. Kiss me as if it were the last time. City of Angels I would rather have had one breath of her hair, one kiss from her mouth, one touch of her hand, than eternity without it. One. Crimes and Misdemeanors My husband and I fell in love at first sight... maybe I should have taken a second look. Fried Green Tomatoes A heart can be broken, but it keeps beating just the same. Four Weddings and a Funeral I always just hoped that, that Id meet some nice friendly girl, like the look of her, hope the look of me didnt make her physically sick, then pop the question and... um... settle down and be happy. It worked for my parents. Well, apart from the divorce and all that! Love and Death To love is to suffer. To avoid suffering, one must not love; but then one suffers from not loving. Therefore, to love is to suffer, not to love is to suffer, to suffer is to suffer. To be happy is to love; to be happy then is to suffer, but suffering makes one unhappy; therefore to be unhappy one must love or love to suffer or suffer from too much happiness. I hope youre getting this down. When Harry Met Sally I love that you get cold when it is 71 degrees out. I love that it takes you an hour and a half to order a sandwich. I love that you get a little crinkle in your nose when youre looking at me like Im nuts. I love that after I spend day with you, I can still smell your perfume on my clothes. And I love that you are the last person I want to talk to before I go to sleep at night. And its not because Im lonely, and its not because its New Years Eve. I came here tonight because when you realize you want to spend the rest of your life with somebody, you want the rest of your life to start as soon as possible. You cant express every feeling that you have every moment that you have them. Wizard of Oz Hearts will never be practical until they are made unbreakable... Without a heart, I can never really know what it would be like to love someone, or ever really understand trashy novels.

Management Report - Quantitive Problem Solving Essay

Management Report - Quantitive Problem Solving - Essay Example Since customer’s time is the most precious parameter, it has also been decreased drastically in alternative 3. Each car has to wait for only 2.52 minutes in alternative 3. In addition to that, there is only a 22.86% chance that an arriving car will have to wait for the service whereas in alternative 2 there is 50% chance and in alternative 1 the number increases to 80% which is absolutely inefficient. If the company pursues the strategy of seeking the initial foundation of the venture and then have a major (almost immediate) expansion of the fledging company, the net payoff of this strategy will be  £90,000. If the company pursues the strategy of seeking the initial foundation and doing nothing in the first year and makes an expansion in the second year if the tourist attraction is built then it will result in a net payoff of  £65,000. If the number of competitors is 1 then the total number of market players will be 2 since my own company will also be operating in the market. The sales volume figure can be calculated by multiplying the total number of market players with the estimated sales. Here the assumption is that the sales of all the competitors will be equal to our sales Looking at the graph, it is reasonable to infer that the sales volume will increase at a decreasing rate as the number of competitors increase because the industry sales will exhaust at some point of

Analyze the data in paragraphs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyze the data in paragraphs - Essay Example When asked whether ELI classrooms temperature is usually suitable, 4 out of 30(13%) of the students agreed that the temperature is ok, 22 out of 30(74%) disagreed and thought that the temperature is not suitable and 4 out of 30(13%) were neutral. The fourth question was about whether ELI classrooms are provided with comfortable chairs and tables.9 out of 30(30%) of students interviewed answered in the affirmative, 14 out of 30(47%) of the students did not think that the tables and chairs are comfortable and 7 out of 30(23%) were undecided and hence neutral. The last question was about whether ELI classrooms are near to each other and usually taken in same building.8 out of 30(27%) replied in the affirmative,16 out of 30(53%) disagreed and 6 out of 30(20%) were neutral. The survey clearly indicates that ELI classrooms temperature is not suitable to most students and also the classrooms should be provided with comfortable chairs and tables. Majority of the students (53%) also do not think that ELI classrooms are near to each other and usually taken in same building. This should also be evaluated and implemented by concerned party, since it touches on the well being of the students directly, which is very crucial for their learning process. The ELI classrooms are however designed to be comfortable and practical for most students and are well equipped with technical tools which help in learning

How Institutions Regulate Multinational Corporations Essay Example for Free

How Institutions Regulate Multinational Corporations Essay International institutions are very effective to regulate multinational corporations in many ways. There are few institutions which always take care for the multinational corporations. Also, these institutions effective to give suggestion about economy. Global trends which are around the world have shown that the more stringent and effective labor legislation, the more likely MNC’s will relocate to another jurisdiction. As a result, globalization endangers the jobs and employment benefits that labor law was intended to protect. As in any enterprise, big and small, the maximization of profits and resources must be of paramount importance. By enlarging the scope of the World Trade Organization to the equalization of labor standards , the prospects of more efficient international trade relations become further possible , but not without triggering intense protests from the most affected stake-holder the labor of the world . The Bretton Woods Organizations Prior to the WTO An Overview Prior the emergence of the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were established by different states after World War II to firstly help in reconstruction efforts to countries devastated by the war. More so , these two institutions lent billions of dollars in aid to underdeveloped countries to fast-track their economic growth especially in the wake of complex issues such as government corruption , civil war , recession , among others . Their primary task has been to assist and provide economic assistance to hundreds of developing countries in various fields such as education , agriculture ,land reform , healthcare , energy production , and even governance ,notwithstanding at the forefront of monitoring exchange rates and balance of payments of different countries . The two institutions also embark of comprehensive economic researches on the plight of different countries to determine the best recourse of aid, depending on the local needs of the beneficiary state, such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare, among others. However, the IMF and the WB have been better known in the underdeveloped world as loaning billions of dollars in aid that are laden with various conditionality’s which sometimes leave the beneficiary countries at a disadvantage, notwithstanding allegations that these institutions were complicit in the funding of military dictatorship that terrorized much of Latin America and parts of Asia in the second half of the 20th century. One particular example of this has been the relentless llegations that the two institutions continuously sent aid to the Philippine government under the regime of Dictator Ferdinand Marcos even if both institutions knew that much of the aid shall not trickle down to Philippine constituents but rechanneled to Marcos and his cronies Swiss bank accounts. Nonetheless, for as long as the WB and the IMF continues to enjoy a legal and political presumption of good faith and service in its dealings with its member countries, no amount of international propaganda should preclude the two institutions from pursuing its goals and objectives. Reference http://www.outofthetrees.co.uk/resources/technologies.php

Philosophy of Education :: essays research papers

My best days as a teacher are those in which I have managed to see every student as an individual, provided lessons guided by a world-based view and are applicable to the lives of my students, where I have made learning an active process, when I have stressed respect for all things and all people, where I have developed and executed authentic tasks, when I maximized opportunities for critical thinking and problem solving, and lastly, when I have allowed all students the chance to gain knowledge and are closer to being independent learners. I believe each and every child has the potential to bring something unique and special to the world. I will help children to develop their potential by believing in them as capable individuals. I will assist children in discovering who they are, so they can express their own opinions and nurture their own ideas. I have a vision of a world where people learn to respect, accept, and embrace the differences between us, as the core of what makes life so fascinating. Every classroom presents a unique community of learners that varies not only in abilities, but also in learning styles. My role as a teacher is to give children the tools with which to cultivate their own gardens of knowledge. To accomplish this goal, I will teach to the needs of each child so that all learners can feel capable and successful. I will present curriculum that involves the interests of the children and makes learning relevant to life. I will incorporate themes, integrated units, projects, group work, individual work, and hands-on learning in order to make children active learners. Finally, I will tie learning into the world community to help children become caring and active members of society. My classroom will be a caring, safe, and equitable environment where each child can blossom and grow. I will allow children to become responsible members of our classroom community by using strategies such as class meetings, positive discipline, and democratic principles. In showing children how to become responsible for themselves as well as their own learning, I am giving them the tools to become successful in life, to believe in themselves, and to love themselves. When the teacher's role is to guide, providing access to information rather than acting as the primary source of information, the students' search for knowledge is met as they learn to find answers to their questions.

Ethnicity in Sociology Essay

-Much greater levels of police stop and search on young black African-Caribbean males, than whites. -After attack on World Trade Center in 2001 and London Underground bombings in 2005, a new discourse has emerged regarding Muslim Youths. -The new image of them is of being dangerous- a threat to British culture. Offending -There are 3 ways on gathering statistics on ethnicity and crime: official stats, victimization studies and self-report studies. -According to Home Office statistics, about 9. 5% of people arrested were recorded as ‘Black’ and 5. 3% ‘Asian’ (similar rating to white). This means that, relative to the population as a whole, black people are 3x more likely than whites to be arrested. -However, these stats could be seen as a comment on the actions of the police. – some sociologists argue there is institutional racism in police. -Offenders are most likely to be young males aged between 14 and 25. Any ethnic group with a high proportion of this age group within it will have relatively high arrest rates. The British black pop has high rates, and so it would be expected that they’d have high arrest rates too because of this. -Stats show that Black Youth are more likely to be unemployed or in low paid jobs. Victimizing studies -Victim-based studies (British Crime Survey) are gathered by asking victims of crime for their recollection of the ethnic identity of the offender. -According to the British Crime Survey, the majority of crime is intraracial, with 88% of white victims stating that white criminals were involved, 3% claiming offenders were black, 1%Asian, 5% mixed. -About 42% of crimes against Black victims were identified as black offenders and 19% of crime against Asian were Asians. -The figure of white crimes AGAINST ethnic minorities are much higher – 50% (though 90% of pop is white). -However only 20% of survey-recorded crimes are ‘peronal’ such as theft, where the victim may actually be able to identify the offender. – Bowling and Phillips argue that victims are influenced by racial stereotypes and ‘culturally determined expectations’ as to who commits crime. Their research shows that where the offender is not known, White people are more likely to describe those of African-Caribbean background. Self-Report Studies- asked in anonymous questionnaires to see what offences people commit -Graham and Bowlings study for the Home Office of 14 to 25 year olds, found that the self-reported offending rates were more or less the same for the White, Black and Asian respondants. However, Blacks are 3. 6 x more likely to be arrested (Jones and Singer). Sentencing -After arrest, Affro-Carbs are slightly more likely to be held in custody and to be charged with more serious offences than Whites. But they are more likely to plead, and be found ‘not guilty’ -Bowling and Phillips state that these stats indicate that that both direct and indirect discrimination (types of charges laid, accsess to bail etc) against members of ethnic minorities do exist. -For example, Those of African-Caribbean backgrounds have a 17% higher chance of imprisonment than whites. Punishment -According to Jones and Singer the proportion of Black British background took 19% of total prison population. Racist Policing -Most sociologists ie Mayhew et al a rgue that most crime is committed by young males who come from a poor background. -The ‘canteen culture’ approach argues that police officers have developed distinctive working values as a result of their job. The core characteristics of this culture according to Reiner include a thirst for action, cynicism, macho values and racism becasude they often feel pressure/work long hours/face public scrutiny etc. -Studies by Smith and Gray (who himself was a policeman) showed racist views by the police force and they targeted blacks. Institutional Racism -After the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence, the Macpherson Report was set up to look at the circumstances of his death and handling of the situation by the police. Sir William Macpherson said ‘police had procedures, practices and a culture that tended to exclude or disadvantage non-white people’. Left-realist approach -Lea and Young accept that there are racist practices by the police but argue that despite this, the statistics do bear out a higher crime rate for street robberies and associated ‘personal crimes’ by youths of Affro-carb backgrounds. -They explain this by suggesting British society is racist and that young ethnic minorities are economically and socially marginalized (pushed out of society), with lesser chances of success than majority of population. Cultures of Resistance -Because minority groups have been discriminated against (colonialism etc) leaving them in a lower socioeconomic position compared to whites, a culture of resistance formed. -COF = organized resistance that has its origins from anticolonial struggles. Ie when young offenders commit crime they are doing it as a political art rather than a criminal act. -However Lea et al argues that this doesn’t account for the high proportion of Black on Black crime. -Fitzgerald et al = street crime is caused by deprivation, lack of community -Higher crime in lone-parent fams -Justifications among crime such as l=bad education, alienation from schools etc. Â  

Management Essay

1) What forces for change are evident at the Oconomo plant? (5) The forces for change that are evident at the Oconomo plant are the callenges dealing with high labor cost. As a result Lamprey is deciding to lower wages from $16 to $1.60 per hour. Also the union and Oconomo are disagreeing with this new change taking place with the wages. 2) Which of the forces in force-field analysis do you think would be more powerful than the other in this situation? Between the two forces I think the Driving Force would be more powerful than the other in this situation. The greatest force that drives the company to expect change is that it’s operating at a high cost and instead of giving returns it’s giving out loses. As a result, the aim of the company is to make changes so that it can appreciate profits in the future. In additional to there being high cost the thing that needs to be understood is that in order for the company to meet its operations it must realize some of the returns from what it has invested. Having invested in the company the managers and shareholders should expect that the company is going to provide sufficient returns which will be shared and at the same time enable the company to stay in the market. There also exist the risks of the competitors who are in the market currently. For the company to make it in the market, it must change its working conditions so that they fit with the current market situation. Another problem is the workers point of refusing to cooperate. The company is planning to reduce the amount of pay it’s going to provide to its workers with a significant drop. This is a great problem which workers are not ready to accept the desired change of the company. Another force for change is that competitors are in the market and of late they have threatened the company from the services and products that they are providing to the society. Quality is one thing that the company should look at so as to retain its market segment else the upcoming companies will outperform the company. 3) What is the primary type of change needed – changing â€Å"things† or changing the â€Å"people and culture†? The primary change that is appropriate at the moment is changing the people and their culture. The reason as to why changing people and culture is of importance to the company is that having changed people all other things will work accordingly. People’s culture is of importance in the way the company operates simply because if the culture or people fit in the objectives of the company then all other things will be in place. People are the main target of any given business set up. This means that in changing anything that is in respect to the company’s operations then the people and their culture is the initial thing that should be taken into consideration. Another thing is that having changed people’s perception competitors will have no say because you would have drove the attentions of the market to your operations. 4) What do you think is the underlying cause of the union leaders’ resistance to change? Union leaders are resistant to change due to a single reason which the company is reluctant to handle. The reason as to the resistance is that Oconomo plant has plans to provide workers with less wages which they feel they cant live within that budget. Looking at some companies which are emerging, union leaders are not ready to accept the change simply because those companies are giving out wages which are high and the quality of services and products that they have is almost outdoing the one Oconomo plant is providing. Jim has a hard time of convincing union leaders on what should be done. What he is supposed to do is to give union leaders the risk behind getting a new job if they lose the one they have. There are so many people in the town who are looking for job. Also, he should convince them to work as the negotiation is being carried out for a better change. There are benefits that workers get from the company and if they resign, such as medical and insurance benefits, then they will no longer get until they get another job.

The Definition of Inflection

The Definition of Inflection Definition of Inflection The change in the form of a word to indicate a change in its grammatical usage. In both English and Spanish, a noun can be inflected to indicate a change in number (that is, to indicate whether it is singular or plural) or gender (although changes in gender are unusual in English). In both languages,  conjugation  is the inflection of verbs to indicate tense, mood,  and  person. In Spanish, adjectives are inflected to indicate gender and number. The inflection can take the form of a prefix,  a suffix, a change in the word ending or beginning, or a change in the way the word root is formed. (In both English and Spanish, prefixes arent used for inflection, although they can change the meanings of words.)  In both languages, the suffix and changed word ending are the most common inflections. For example, both languages typically add an -s or -es to indicate that a word is plural, and Spanish frequently changes word endings to indicate gender. Similarly, both languages can add a suffix or change the word ending to indicate verb tenses (although English does so only for the past tense). In both languages, changes in the root word are also used in some irregular verbs. For example, the difference in tense can be seen in changing I go to I went, the same as the corresponding Spanish term,  voy,  changes to  fui  to indicate the change in tense. Greek and Russian are examples of highly inflected languages. Spanish is moderately inflected, more so than English, but not as much as Greek or Russian. Chinese is an example of a language that has little inflection. In general, word order tends to be more important in languages that have more inflection. You can see how this plays out in English and Spanish: Spanish, the more inflected language, also requires more attention to word order. There is also a second meaning for inflection. It can refer to how words are stressed or given tone. For example, a question is often inflected in raising the tone at the end of a sentence. Inflection is known as either inflexià ³n  (change of voice) or flexià ³n (grammatical change) in Spanish. Examples of Inflection Inflected differences are shown in boldface: Tengo un coche rojo. Tengo dos coches rojos. (I have a red  car. I have two red  cars.) Pablo es actor. Ana es actriz. (Pablo is an actor. Ana is an actress.) Samuel es abogado. Katarina es abogada. (Samuel is a lawyer. Katarina is a lawyer.) Abre la ventana. Le gusta ventanear. (She is opening the window. She likes being by the window.) Soy rico. Si fuera rico, comprarà ­a otro coche. (I am rich. If I were rich, I would buy another car.) Como  carne. Comà ­ la carne. (I eat meat. I ate the meat.) La mujer est  feliz. Las mujeres estn felices. (The woman is happy. The women are happy.) Corre cada dà ­a. Le gusta correr. (He ru ns daily. He likes running.)

Interesting Facts About US Housing

Interesting Facts About US Housing About 7.2 million homeowners took out home equity lines of credit in 2003, up 12 percent from 2001 when 6.4 million such credit lines were established. Thats just one of the interesting facts and statistics reported in the latest edition of the American Housing Survey (AHS) [pdf], sponsored by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Now entering its fourth decade of publication, the AHS provides information on a variety of topics, including home ownership, characteristics of homes and their owners, housing costs, vacation homes, gated communities and people’s views of their neighborhoods. Some more highlights from the latest AHS: About 3.8 million homeowners had lump-sum home equity mortgages, down nearly 20 percent from 2001, when there were 4.7 million such loans.Homeowners occupied more than 72 million homes. Overall, the nation had about 106 million occupied housing units.Renters occupied 33.6 million housing units.The nation’s median mortgage interest rate was 6.7 percent, down from 7.5 percent in 2001.The median value of owner-occupied homes was $140,000.Between 2001 and 2003, the number of owner-occupied units with four or more bedrooms increased by about 1 million to 18.7 million.There were 3 million owner-occupied homes in planned gated communities.The vacancy rate for rental housing units was 9.6 percent, up from 7.8 percent in 2001.On a scale of 1-to-10, with 10 being the best, 3-in-4 homeowners rated their neighborhood an 8 or higher.

Strategic Management - Understanding a model Essay

Strategic Management - Understanding a model - Essay Example Strategy has, therefore, been defined as a unifying theme bringing coherence and direction to the organization towards its goals (Grant, 2010). These goals have expanded beyond the traditional realm of profit maximization towards economic value creation, disruptive innovation or techniques as well as considering the social and environmental impact of firms’ activities. Strategy, therefore, aligns stakeholders (shareholders, investors, personnel, suppliers, etc) with respect to organizational goals and facilitates their attainment. 1.2 Porter’s five forces model- History The figure (see Appendix 1) shows that, in the 1950’s and 1960’s, strategic management was focused on corporate planning and growth along with tighter financial controls and budgeting (Grant, 2010). Medium-term horizons, including 5-year plans, were set and used to develop macro-economic forecasts (Grant, 2010). The market players were relatively independent and were governed primarily by t he macro-economic forces, with little regard to the strategy of other players. The 70’s, with the internationalization of economy and events such as surge in oil prices further emphasized macro-economic volatility (Grant, 2010). Strategists approached a more granular level of analysis to find the best direction for the firm. Porter’s model of the Five Forces highlighted the economic implications on industry structure which put knowledge-based innovation and strategy at the forefront (Ryall, 2013). The model goes beyond the traditional â€Å"narrowly† defined view of competition as competing merely for profits to encompass other competitive forces such as suppliers, buyers, substitutes and threat of new entrants in the market (Porter, 2008). The model provides insight into the competitiveness of an industry, demonstrating that not all industries are equally profitable (see Appendix 2). It is rooted in the notion of creating and maintaining a competitive advantage (Nilsson & Rapp, 2005). Though (corporate) planning remains part of strategic design, the Five Forces model places this exercise in a more realistic industry-specific context. 1.2.2 Porter’s Five Forces Model - Definition 1.2.2.1 New Entrants It is important to consider that the threat of new entrants will depend on barriers to entry, and even barriers to exit as well as the reaction from incumbents. The theory identifies typical barriers to entry as: i. Economies of scale which result in lower production costs for already established players owing to their large volumes. ii. Significant investment is required for differentiation to override customer loyalty towards already established brands. iii. Capital requirement to build the business (plants, facilities, R&D efforts etc.) or equivalent acquisition of an existing business. iv. Experience in the business as well as patent protection provides a cost advantage to incumbents v. Regulations and laws prescribing business poli cies that impact costs or result in delay to enter the market (Henry, 2008). Furthermore, the reaction of incumbents creates additional threat to the shares of newcomers. i. Retaliation ii. Slow growth of industry or over-capacity: The lack of capacity may make it difficult to absorb new entrants. This can occur in several phases of an industry’s cycle. iii. The price conditions must enable the newcomer to be profitable. In this case, the total costs of entry should be lower than the market price

See the instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See the instructions - Essay Example By being persuasive, Mr. Berkowitz stated that one can be able to lead others, and even influence others’ perceptions and beliefs. Therefore, when one is communicating persuasively, especially in the workplace, success is always within reach: being persuasive makes one earn the trusts and the confidence of their employers, their co-workers, and even with the industry leaders where they are practicing their respective professions. In addition to persuasion, Mr. Berkowitz also emphasized that being hard working, as well as and displaying a highest level of professionalism is essential for one to succeed, especially if that person wants to set up his or her own company on the future. By being hard working and professional, one will gain the confidence and trusts of the industry, and most importantly the consumers, believing that this particular company would be able to deliver the best services to their clients and business partners alike, a trait that is vital to the success of a start-up

Written Response of Current Ethical Issue Assignment

Written Response of Current Ethical Issue - Assignment Example Probing of in-depth events surrounding his deaths reveals that the University failed to acknowledge contributing to his suicide, but attributed it to different factors (Silverman, np) The issue is of great concern to both the public and research Department in Minnesota University. In essence, it raises many issues with reference to ethics and how the institution is dedicated and concerned about the subjects they use in research. Additionally, it does elicit concerns on how the Department of Human Research Protection conducts it activities, with close insistence of research ethics such as confidentiality, truthfulness, justice, veracity, beneficence and consent approval Being a member of the research body panel in the university, I would insist of detailed investigations with immediate effect. Concisely, failure to win the trust of the public remains at the verge of affecting future research works. If elements of ethical compromise are revealed from the investigations, the university should reveal and admit it all. Heavy compensation should be made to the victim families, and the report made public with full assurance on

Cadburys Business Functions

Cadburys Business Functions Within every company there are organisational functions. I am going to investigate the main functions of the famous chocolate company Cadbury. Cadbury is a very successful business and have over 70,000 employees working for them. For Cadbury to remain a successful business it has to maintain some structure and business functions to be able to meet their aims and objectives. Throughout my findings of Cadbury the main activities of the following areas are what help and maintain the objectives that have been set by the business and allow Cadbury to continue to have a success an reach their aims. The production department is the department that produce the products. The department has to be in control of the turnaround of the production. When producing a product, materials and labour values are added so that the products can meet customers needs. The production team need to have a high maintained system to be able to provide, produce and reduce the amount of food waste within Cadbury. You would find that the production team in Cadbury would be concerned with the following issues: Cost of production The condition of the means of production Keeping production going Health and safety Keeping employees motivated Keeping up to date with technology Satisfying the requirements of customers Maximising the use of plant Minimising the waste of materials Finance: The finance department is the department that controls and deals with the money. The finance department are responsible for keeping all financial records and documentations of money that comes in and out of the business. The finance team are responsible for submitting tax reports and company registration. Once HR have agreed the salaries and bonuses that the staff at Cadbury are entitled to they then would issue all wages and preform the relevant tax reductions or national insurance contributions. The finance department control all giving budgets to each department, this is set in place so each department can achieve their objectives and do not waste money. Managers see these budgets and compare the sales and targets that had been met and the finance department then make plans for the future that will help the business to achieve its objectives. Human Resources One of the key roles of this department is the ability to keep everyone happy; they are concerned with the welfare of the staff, people whom come in contact with the company and welfare of the business by following employment laws and ensuring health and safety. When you have happy staff you have motivated staff and this helps to achieve the objectives. HR is also responsible for all training that has to be taken to ensure the company are up to date with the way the company functions and that all health and safety is being met. HR department employ and deploy staff as they would be fully trained in ethical issues and again the employment laws and ensure the equal opportunity procedures are in place and being followed, this avoids any law suits and trade union issues. Administration and IT The administration department within Cadbury are the department that provide support to all other departments within the organisation, they create a working order, which provides routine and functions smoothly. This support could be invoicing, photocopying, letter writing, posting the mail, collecting the post and distributing it correctly throughout the departments, attending meetings and taking minutes and then typing them up, keeping records of relevant information on the business, maintaining the computer systems, software, the security of the systems and the building and security and cleaning. Marketing and sales Marketing is the department that identifies the customers needs by carrying out marketing research alongside the research and development department, they develop the right products and promotions that need to be focused on within the needs and requirements of products requested by the companys customers and this helps to increase profit and keep the sales teams achieving their targets and objectives. To achieve the companys objectives the marketing team must get 4 main areas right: Products they must identify what is suitable for the target market, what brings total satisfaction to the customers, what customers would like them to produce, what is selling the most or what could do with some extra support due to low sales. Price- They must investigate the going rates or other suppliers to assure they dont overprice or under-price a product. Place- To identify where and what areas are selling certain product this would benefit the production team as they could work a system out to avoid waste and additional losses. Promotion-To identify where and when to promote a product, for example if a Christmas limited addition product became available, it would be irrelevant to advertise or promote this product in February. The above 4 areas help Cadbury to achieve at least 2 of their objectives: to be the number one product in a given market maximising profit Research and development Within the research and development department is where the staff at Cadbury investigates new products and try and improve the sales of existing products, this would involve going out and using different research mythologies, the staff in this area would perform surveys, experimental research and even observational research. They would examining competitors and try and find a gap in the market for any new product. The research and development department have to work very closely to marketing and productions to be able to achieve the right results to turn the findings of the research into useful products that will help Cadbury to achieve their objectives. Customer services The customer services department is to assure the customers are 100% happy with the products and services that Cadbury provide; within in this department they deal with customers questions and concerns. This department will help to gain a customers trust back if an unfortunate error has occurred. Having un-happy customers can affect Cadbury objectives, and having well trained professional staff to assist in certain areas of customer services can help promote and regain customers trust, to be able to meet the objectives. The managers This would be the people who wants order, control they love structure and high performance they like everything to be out into its place, unlike the technician who strives off of detail and knowledge and how to perform the task, the manager loves the order and they want everything to be done in a manner that gives consistency. The Entrepreneur This would be the person inside of you that strives for the business, dreams and focuses on the business becoming bigger and more known to the world. Sometimes you would find that the technicians and the manager seem to take over and forget about the person striving to make the business more of a success, to provide them with more jobs that can resolved or more jobs to organise, going out there to market the business, to make a business a really great business, you have to allow the dreamer to dream, you have to be able to work on your business not just in your business. As you can see from my examples above the manager and the technician work in the business and the entrepreneur works for the business. Each person has relevant tasks so that the objectives can be solved so the aims can be achieved Business Objectives of Cadbury and how they relate to the stakeholders Cadbury aims and Objectives Cadbury aims are what they want to achieve in the long run, and objectives are used to high light how those aims are going to be achieved. Objectives can be in a form of targets and challenges for the business to achieve the aims. Cadbury aims are to: Maximise profit To be the number one product in a given market To maximise sales To grow To operate in a wide range of markets Have a good reputation To provide freedom for workers to express themselves and suggest ideas to help the business Achieve best possible financial return on capital Boost or maintain share market values Cadbury use aims and objectives as they are the foundation for decision making within the company. It provides long term thinking its measurable and controlling and it motivates and inspires workers and employees, its direct, it focuses on efforts and unifies the company and most importantly it communicates with shareholders and employers regarding the businesses future. Cadbury use the S.M.A.R.T objective method to set their short term objectives. These objectives have to be set for the business, products or services. Specific The objectives should specify what Cadbury want to achieve, for example they may want to achieve a 3% market share in 12 months. Measurable The objectives should specify how you are going to measure whether you are achieving the objective. For Example a 3% market share over 12 months means that each month market share targets can be measured. Achievable The Objective must be achievable and attainable. For example Is the 3% objective for the 12 months achievable? Does Cadbury have the resources, man power and finances to achieve it? Realistic Can the objectives realistically be achieved with the resources you have? For example: Is the 3% objective over a 12 month period realistic or does the company need longer? Does the company have the skills and resources to achieve this over the time period set. Timely When do you want to achieve the set objectives? Without a timescale it is difficult to set dates for the achievement of key tasks and milestones. For Example: In our company have set themselves a period of 12 moths to achieve the 3% market share. Stakeholders A stakeholder is a person or an organisation that takes interest into a business and are there for effected by the way that it may be run; this would be in the areas of success and failure. Stakeholders can be people within the business or outside of the business; the different types of stakeholders can hold different views and can affect the way the owner wants to conduct the business which can affect the aims and objectives. I am going to give some examples on stakeholders and how they can affect the aims and objectives of Cadbury. Workers/employees To be able to give the workers/employees a sense of ownership the company must keep them up to date with what is going on with the business; this helps to improve performances and motivates the employees. The workers/employees are main stakeholders in the business because their motivation and happiness keeps the performance of the business running smooth and relies on them for the business to survive. Employees at Cadbury are called internal stakeholders; Cadbury have meetings to inform colleges about any changes and hear their views on the running of the company. Cadbury use research skills to find out if the employees are 100% satisfied or to enquire how they feel within the company. They provide the employees with newsletters and access to forums and account information to keep them informed with what is going on. This helps Cadbury to achieve their aims and objectives as it keeps the staff motivated and satisfied that they know what is happening within the company, if this did no t happen then employees would feel confused and this would affect their skills to perform the tasks. For example: if Cadbury was to introduce a new machine to make the work more efficient and faster, then the employees will require training as soon as possible to ensure that the production will run smoothly and effectively. If this was not done you would find that the employees would be stresses from trying to learn the machine themselves, errors could lead to faulty equipment and the company could lose profit due to the fact the employee was either slow or made an error as he was never given training. This would also make the employee feel very disappointed and could lead them to feel they were not doing their job correctly. In a worse situation the employee could have an accident on that machine, which could lead to a law suit. An employee to a Cadbury would want to achieve the best possible results, to gain profit and ensure the Cadbury is a success so it could continue to provide an income, if Cadbury was to collapse then the employee would then be affected as they would have to seek further employment. Customers A customer who is interested or purchases a product that Cadbury provided, also become stakeholders. Customers are external stakeholders of Cadbury which does not directly link them with the company, but have a major part of helping Cadbury meet their aims and objectives, without customers none of the aims could be met and Cadbury SMART objective method could not possibly be met and the business would just collapse. Cadbury customers are mainly interested in the price of the product and the hygiene of the factories and the machinery. Managers Managers have a key part in Cadbury as a stakeholder as they are interested how the business is run and how the employees are being motivated, to achieve the targets set by the company; they are interested in the control of the company, salaries and bonuses that could help them to influence the staff to perform the relevant objectives. The managers have a fear of loss profit as they want job security as it would be hard for them to find another job especially if the company have to re-locate or stop producing. Owners Owners are also stakeholders and these are the people who can control what Cadbury achieve and how they run their business, an area of interest for the owners of Cadbury is to maintain a good relationship with the suppliers and keeping financiers happy as Cadbury are always marketing and researching new ideas for chocolate products that having a well-established and not in debt with suppliers or other financiers ie: banks, taxman or employees, with provide them with bigger opportunities and the flexibility to produce the products when and when they can, so owners of Cadbury must make sure they use their money wisely. Local Community The local community can play a major part in Cadbury business objectives as they are stakeholders, who live in or work in the area where the factories are producing the products, this could have interests in the pollution or the traffic that the factory is creating, leading to complaints. The owners could decide they want to work all night and this could affect the residents who wish to sleep but cannot due to the noise that the factory works are making. Yet on the other hand Cadbury could open up a new factory in a new area, and this could create jobs and provide them people with an income lower the employability statistics in the area of job seekers and improve their quality of life. Government The Government are also stakeholders and take interest in the laws and legislation of Cadbury, the governments decisions can have an impact on the aims and objectives as the laws they enforce can actually shut the company down, they have to ensure the factory is following the health and safety and that the hygiene levels are met as they are producing a food product. The government also have a interest to see Cadbury achieve there aims and objectives as if the company stops producing products, staff would then be made redundant and then the employment rates will drop and no contributions will be made to the gross national product. Another interest that the government would have is that the company achieve their aims and objectives as they employ a lot of staff and each staff member would have to pay tax that would then be used for healthcare and education. Suppliers Suppliers are stakeholder within Cadbury. Cadbury are currently buying products from over 40,000 suppliers around the world; Cadbury strive to work with their suppliers giving them the opportunity to give suggestions on how they would improve quality of efficiency, this gives the supplier the ability to be flexible and feel appreciated and allows room for a very solid business relationship. Cadbury undertakes an evaluation on all potential suppliers to ensure that they are a fair trade company, such as standards that have to be met by the environmental protection and ethical labour practices. Suppliers would take interest into Cadbury as they supply the materials to Cadbury to produce their products, they want to see the business succeed, so that their orders dont stop coming and they still receive a regular income.

The Tenth Man :: essays research papers

Taken the easy way out is not always the high road everything has consequences, what might see feasible short term might not be long term. This is the case in Graham Greene’s novel The Tenth Man, were a French lawyer named by Chavel is imprisoned by the Germans during WWII. Chavel is faced with death, but having power trades his wealth with another prisoner so he could live on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story opens with an illustration of time, â€Å"in fact there as many times as there were prisoners† (29). Through-out the story there is a tone of chaos. This opening statement is a perfect example of how Chavel, Charlot emotions are mixed. He feels that there is so much that he caused and so little then he can do to fix it. As we read further into the story we learn that Chavel is a prisoner held by the Germans. The narrator uses the term â€Å"hostage† (30), and Chavel brings this word comes up again. Chavel literally is a hostage in prison in part one of the story, but he remains a â€Å"hostage† trapped within himself, because of what he did, trading his life with Javier. After he was released from prison, Chavel for the first time in his life was poor. â€Å"The shame he felt now shuffling like a beggar up to the door of the house went nearly as deep†¦ The empty windows watched him come like the eyes of men sitting round the wall of a cell†¦When he put out his hand and pulled the bell it was like a gesture of despair. He had tried his best not to return but here he was† (60). He felt dirty, ashamed, and homeless, he had no where to go. He ended up going back to his old house and meets Javier’s sister, at his former house. He is mad that none of his fatherâ€℠¢s portraits are on the wall; this is an example of his arrogance. Graham Greene also uses Therese to put even more guilt on Chavel. As Graham writes: â€Å"I’ve got such hate, she said, it just goes on and on all day and all night. It’s like a smell you can’t get rid of when something’s died under the floorboards†¦ She put her hands over her eyes as if she was ashamed of this physical display of grief. He thought, this is all my work†¦He thought to himself, it isn’t fair.

Summarise the Main Development of a Child from the Age range 0-2, 3-5, 5-8 Years

From birth a baby can only lie on its back, by the end of 3months they start to lift their heads and kick their feet. At 3-6 months they can hold objects and transfer them from one hand to another. They also start to attempt to put objects in their mouths. At 9-12 months babies usually become more mobile by rolling, shuffling, or crawling. They can generally sit unaided for a length of time.Between 1-2 yrs they will be walking and although they still find it difficult to maintain balance most can climb stairs with supervision. So by the end of 2yrs they will be very mobile – walking, running, and able to negotiate steps. They can throw and kick a ball but may not be confident at catching.At 3yrs, children will know how to run, walk in all sorts of directions. They can jump from low heights, negotiate stairs confidently and ride a tricycle.By 4yrs, physically they should now be able to catch, kick, throw, and bounce a ball. Between 5-8 yrs they have mastered how to use a variet y of equipment and their physical ability will have improved greatly. At this point they are able to ride a bike without stabilisers. At this age they are more willing to try new things and they begin to stretch themselves further.Analyse key social, economic, and environmental factors which may influence developmentThere are lots of factors which can influence developmentNutrition Poverty Environment, including overcrowding and pollution Culture Loss or bereavement Separation or divorce of parents Learning difficulties Social factors such as love and affectionA loving, caring environment will encourage a child to socialise and develop good relationships with others. Poor housing, overcrowding, air, water, and noise pollution all have a detrimental effect on a child’s growth and development.Poverty puts children at a social disadvantage as parents who are unemployed or on low incomes may find it more difficult to provide a nutritionally balanced diet. They also tend to live i n poorer housing, which may be overcrowded. They can sometimes lack the physical and personal resources needed to provide for their children in order to grow and develop. Progress will be slow and impaired if there is a lack of stimulation. Children often find it difficult to put things into perspective and may view the loss of a favourite toy on the same level as that of a death of a close relativeChildren suffering from the anxieties of loss or bereavement may try to hide their feelings for fear of upsetting those around them, whilst others show their feelings freely.Signs of aggression and/or withdrawal are often associated with the way a child deals with their emotions. When parents separate or divorce the most likely area to be affected is social and emotional, it can make them become anxious or frightened. Their whole world, as they know it, will have been turned upside down and they experience feelings of guilt, anger, and sorrow. They can become withdrawn, tearful, aggressiv e and argumentative.Children that do not receive a lot of love and affection at home will find it difficult to develop and form good relationships with others. They can be untrusting, miserable, and unhappy although, they appear physically healthy they will be emotionally unwell. A child who has suffered from abuse will  have their health and wellbeing severely affected and abuse can have long lasting health problems.Describe Children’s Overall Development NeedsChildren’s overall development needs are love and support from parents and carers. When a child feels loved they are contented and happy which help them to be pleasant around and enables them to mix with other children successfully, gaining friendships as they grow. They also need stability as otherwise they can have physical problems such as bed wetting or sleepless nights.Diet and nutrition are also very important, fresh fruit and vegetables should be a regular part of the shopping list. This can be introduc ed at a very early age when they are beginning to taste different foods, many vegetables can be reduced to tasty soups and fruit made into smoothies.

ABC Wholesalers Ltd Essay

You are nearing completion of the 31 December 2015 audit of ABC Wholesalers Ltd. The figures below have been extracted from the final draft financial report. During you review of the audit files, you note the following items recorded on the summary of audit differences. 1. ABC Wholesalers has been involved in a long-running dispute with the taxation authorities in relation to the amount of sales tax payable on certain lines of merchandise. The case was resolved this year in favour of the taxation authorities. The court ruled that ABC Wholesalers, as well as paying the outstanding taxes, must pay a non-tax-deductible fine of $420,000. 2. Sales cut-off at one of ABC Wholesaler’s stores was incorrect, resulting in a large sale of inventory made early in January 2015 being recorded in the 31 December 2014 year-end. The cost price of the inventory sold was $250,000. ABC Wholesalers marks up inventory by 40%. 3. Purchases cut-off at the same store was also incorrect, resulting in a large purchase of inventory made in late December not being recorded until January 2015. The invoice price of the inventory purchased was %5,950,000. You also note that the planning materiality level was set by the audit manager at $200,000. Question: a) Consider items 1-3 independently. State whether the amounts involved would be considered material for the purpose of issuing an auditor’s report. Give reasons. b) Explain the relevance, if any, of the planning materiality level to your decisions in a).